Academic studies of the political groups of the European Parliament refers to the studies of those groups by academics, the methods that they use and the conclusions that they reach.
Background
The political groups of the European Parliament have been around the world since September 1952 and the first meeting of the Parliament’s predecessor, the Common Assembly. The groups are coalitions of MEPs and the Europarties and national parts That Those MEPs belong to. The groups have coalesced into representations of the dominant schools of European political thought and are the primary actors in the Parliament.
Some of the groups (such as PES) have become coterminous with their Europarty, some (such as IND / DEM) have not. But they are still coalitions, not parties in their own right, and do not issue manifestos of their own. May it therefore be difficulty to discern how the groups INTEND to vote without first inspecting the party platforms of Their parts are, And Then with limited certainty.
In addition, national media focus on the MEPs / national parts of their own member states, neglecting the group’s activities and poorly understanding their structure or even existence. Transnational media coverage of the groups per se is limited To Those organs Such As the Parliament Itself, gold Those news media (eg EUobserver [1] gold theParliament.com [2] ) That specialized in the Parliament. These organs cover the groups in detail but with little overarching analysis. These are some of the things that make up a specific vote, they provide little information on the voting patterns of a specific group.
As a result, the only bodies providing analysis of the voting patterns and Weltanschauung of the groups are academics.
Academics
Academics Analyzing the groups include Hix ( London School of Economics and Political Science ), Amie Kreppel University of Florida , Abdul Noury ( Free University of Brussels ), Gérard Roland ( University of California, Berkeley ), Gail McElroy ( Trinity College, Dublin , Department of Political Science), Kenneth Benoit ( Trinity College, Dublin – Institute for International Integration Studies (IIIS) [3] ), Friedrich Heinemann , Philipp Mohl , andSteffen Osterloh ( University of Mannheim – Center for European Economic Research [4] ).
Results
Positions on economy and euroscepticism
Table 3 [5] of the 3 January 2008 version of a working paper [6] from the London School of Economics / Free University of Brussels by Hix and Noury considered the positions of the groups in the Sixth Parliament (2004-2009) by analysing their roll-call votes. The results for each group are shown in the diagram on the right. The vertical scale is anti-pro Europe spectrum, (0% = extremely anti-Europe, 100% = extremely pro), and the horizontal scale is economic left-right spectrum, (0% = extremely economically left-wing, 100% = extremely economically right-wing). The results are also shown in the table below.
| Group | Left-right spectrum | Eurosceptic spectrum | sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EUL / NGL | very left-wing | very Eurosceptic | [5] | |
| PES | center-left | very Europhile | [5] | |
| G / EFA | left-wing | Eurosceptic | [5] | |
| ALDE | center | Euroneutral | [5] | |
| EPP-ED (EPP subgroup) | Center-right | europhile | [5] | |
| EPP-ED (ED subgroup) | right-wing | Eurosceptic | [5] | |
| IND / DEM (reformist subgroup) | center | very Eurosceptic | [5] | |
| IND / DEM (secessionist subgroup) | very right-wing | secessionist | [5] | |
| UEN | Center-right | Eurosceptic | [5] | |
Two of the groups (EPP-ED and IND / DEM) were split. EPP-ED are split on Euroscepticism: the EPP subgroup ( ) were center-right Europhiles, while the ED subgroup ( ) were right-wing Eurosceptics.
IND / DEM was also split along its subgroups: the reformist subgroup ( , bottom-center) voted as centrist Eurosceptics, and the secessionist subgroup ( , middle-right) voted as right-wing Euroneutrals. The reformist subgroup was able to pursue a reformist agenda via the Parliament. The secessionist subgroup was unable to pursue the agenda and proceeded instead. Ironically, this resulted in the secessionist subgroup being less eurosceptic in terms of roll-call votes than other, non-eurosceptic parties. UKIP (the major component of the secessionist subgroup) was criticized for this seeming abandonment of its Eurosceptic core principles. [7]
Group cooperation
Table 3 [8] of the 21 August 2008 version of the same working paper [9] Gave the figures for the level of cooperation between each group (how many times they vote with a group, and how many times they vote against) for the Fifth and Sixth Parliaments. The results are given in the tables below, where 0% = never votes with, 100% = always votes with.
| Group | Number of times voted with (%) | sources | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EUL / NGL | G / EFA | PES | ALDE | EPP-ED | UEN | IND / DEM | OR | |||
| EUL / NGL | n / A | 75.4 | 62.0 | 48.0 | 39.6 | 42.2 | 45.5 | 48.6 | [8] | |
| G / EFA | 75.4 | n / A | 70.3 | 59.2 | 47.4 | 45.1 | 40.3 | 43.0 | [8] | |
| PES | 62.0 | 70.3 | n / A | 75.3 | 68.4 | 62.8 | 42.9 | 52.3 | [8] | |
| ALDE | 48.0 | 59.2 | 75.3 | n / A | 78.0 | 72.4 | 48.0 | 53.7 | [8] | |
| EPP-ED | 39.6 | 47.4 | 68.4 | 78.0 | n / A | 84.3 | 54.0 | 64.1 | [8] | |
| UEN | 42.2 | 45.1 | 62.8 | 72.4 | 84.3 | n / A | 56.8 | 64.7 | [8] | |
| IND / DEM | 45.5 | 40.3 | 42.9 | 48.0 | 54.0 | 56.8 | n / A | 68.1 | [8] | |
| OR | 48.6 | 43.0 | 52.3 | 53.7 | 64.1 | 64.7 | 68.1 | n / A | [8] | |
| Group | Number of times voted with (%) | sources | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EUL / NGL | G / EFA | PES | ELDR | EPP-ED | UEN | ESD | OR | |||
| EUL / NGL | n / A | 79.3 | 69.1 | 55.4 | 42.4 | 45.9 | 59.2 | 52.4 | [8] | |
| G / EFA | 79.3 | n / A | 72.0 | 62.3 | 47.1 | 45.2 | 55.5 | 51.0 | [8] | |
| PES | 69.1 | 72.0 | n / A | 72.9 | 64.5 | 52.6 | 52.6 | 56.8 | [8] | |
| ELDR | 55.4 | 62.3 | 72.9 | n / A | 67.9 | 55.0 | 52.3 | 60.0 | [8] | |
| EPP-ED | 42.4 | 47.1 | 64.5 | 67.9 | n / A | 71.2 | 52.0 | 68.2 | [8] | |
| UEN | 45.9 | 45.2 | 52.6 | 55.0 | 71.2 | n / A | 62.6 | 73.8 | [8] | |
| ESD | 59.2 | 55.5 | 52.6 | 52.3 | 52.0 | 62.6 | n / A | 63.8 | [8] | |
| OR | 52.4 | 51.0 | 56.8 | 60.0 | 68.2 | 73.8 | 63.8 | n / A | [8] | |
EUL / NGL and G / EFA voted closely together, as did PES and ALDE, and EPP-ED and UEN. Surprisingly, given that PES and EPP-ED are partners in the Grand Coalition, they were not each other’s closest allies, although they did vote with each other about two-thirds of the time. IND / DEM did not have close allies within the political groups, preferring instead to cooperate most closely with the non-registrants .
Group positions
Table 2 [10] [11] of a 2005 discussion paper [12] from the Institute for International Integration Studies by Gail McElroy and Kenneth Benoit, analyzed the group positions between April and June 2004, at the end of the Fifth Parliament and immediately before 2004 elections. The results are given below, with 0% = extremely against, 100% = extremely for (except for the left-right spectrum, where 0% = extremely left-wing, 100% = extremely right-wing)
| Group | Issue on which position was analyzed | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left-Right | Tax | Deeper Europe | Federal Europe | Deregulation | Common Foreign and Security Policy | Fortress Europe(immigration) | Green issues | Homosexual equality, abortion, euthanasia | ||
| EUL / NGL | 18.0% | 75.5% | 52.5% | 46.0% | 20.0% | 39.0% | 30.5% | 65.5% | 78.5% | |
| G / EFA | 25.5% | 71.5% | 63.5% | 58.0% | 33.5% | 44.0% | 32.5% | 85.5% | 80.0% | |
| PES | 37.0% | 68.0% | 68.5% | 69.5% | 37.0% | 71.5% | 36.5% | 57.0% | 72.0% | |
| ELDR | 59.0% | 34.5% | 62.5% | 68.5% | 71.0% | 68.5% | 37.0% | 45.5% | 78.0% | |
| EPP-ED | 63.0% | 33.0% | 63.0% | 63.0% | 67.5% | 70.0% | 60.0% | 39.5% | 30.5% | |
| UEN | 82.5% | 30.5% | 11.5% | 17.0% | 65.0% | 16.0% | 87.5% | 36.0% | 24.5% | |
| ESD | 85.5% | 29.5% | 5.5% | 5.5% | 73.0% | 7.5% | 87.5% | 35.5% | 24.5% | |
| Source | [10] | [11] | [11] | [11] | [10] | [11] | [10] | [11] | [11] | |
EUL / NGL and G / EFA were the most left-wing groups, UEN and EDD the most right-wing, and that was mirrored in their attitudes toward taxation, homosexual equality, abortion, euthanasia and controlling migration into the EU. The groups fell under two distinct camps regarding further development of EU authority, with UEN and EDD, and the rest broadly in favor. Opinion was released on the CFSP , with only PES, ELDR and EPP-ED in favor and the others against. Unsurprisingly, G / EFA was more in favor of Green issues compared to other groups.
Attitude to EU tax
Table 1 [13] of an April 2008 discussion paper [14] from the Center for European Economic Research by Heinemann et al. Analyzed each Group’s stance on a hypothetical generalised EU tax. The results for each group are made with the horizontal scale scaled so -100% = totally against and 100% = totally for. The results are also given in the table below, where 0% = totally against, 100% = totally for.
| Group | Attitude to a hypothetical EU tax | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|
| G / EFA | 97.5% | [13] | |
| PES | 85.1% | [13] | |
| ITS | 62.5% | [13] | |
| EUL / NGL | 55.0% | [13] | |
| ALDE | 53.5% | [13] | |
| EPP-ED | 53.5% | [13] | |
| UEN | 34.8% | [13] | |
| IND / DEM | 0.0% | [13] | |
| OR | 0.0% | [13] | |
G / EFA and PES were in favor of such a tax, IND / DEM and the Independents were definitely against, the others had no clear position.
Group cohesion
Cohesion is the term used to define a group. Figure 1 [15] of a 2002 paper from European Integration online Papers (EIoP) by Thorsten Faas. The results for each Group are given in the diagram with the horizontal scale scaled so that 0 % = totally split, 100% = totally united. The results are also given in the table below.
| Group | Cohesion | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PES | approx 90% | [15] | |
| ELDR | approx 90% | [15] | |
| G / EFA | approx 90% | [15] | |
| EPP-ED | approx 80% | [15] | |
| UEN | approx 70% | [15] | |
| EUL / NGL | approx 65% | [15] | |
| TGI | approx 50% | [15] | |
| OR | approx 45% | [15] | |
| ESD | approx 35% | [15] | |
G / EFA, PES and ELDR were the most united groups, with EDD the most disunited.
Proportion of female MEPs
The March 2006 edition of „Social Europe: The Journal of the European Left“ [16] included a chapter called „Women and Social Democratic Politics“ by Wendy Stokes. That chapter [17] gives the proportion of female MEPs in each Group in the European Parliament. The results for each group are given in the diagram on the right. The horizontal scale denotes a gender balance (0% = totally male, 100% = totally female, but no group has a female majority, so the scale stops at 50%). The results are also given in the table below.
| Group | Female Percentage | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|
| G / EFA | 47.6% | [17] | |
| ALDE | 41% | [17] | |
| PES | 38% | [17] | |
| EUL / NGL | 29% | [17] | |
| EPP-ED | 23% | [17] | |
| UEN | 16.8% | [17] | |
| IND / DEM | 9% | [17] | |
G / EFA, PES and ALDE were the most balanced groups in terms of gender, with IND / DEM the most unbalanced.
Attitude to Turkish accession
Martin Olof Persson’s D-uppsats thesis [18] for the Luleå University of Technology [19] Entitled „Turkey as a member of the European Union: a discourse analysis of the views presented in the European Parliament“ [18] regarded Each group’s attitude Towards Turkish accession. The results of this thesis are given in the table below.
| Group | Broad position | Specific position | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G / EFA | for | Supports full membership now | [18] | |
| PES | for | Supports full membership now | [18] | |
| EUL / NGL | for | Supports full membership now | [18] | |
| ALDE | for | Full membership supports eventually but not yet | [18] | |
| EPP-ED | Against | Supporters associate membership (privileged partnership) but not full membership | [18] | |
| IND / DEM | Against | Supports economic cooperation (strategic partnership) | [18] | |
| ITS | Against | Rejects economic cooperation, full membership and associate membership | [18] | |
| UEN | Unknown | Unknown | [18] | |
G / EFA, PES, EUL / NGL and ALDE supported by Turkish accession, or EPP-ED, IND / DEM and ITS permanently rejected, and UEN’s position was unknown.
Group switching
In the European Parliament is the phenomenon where parliamentarians individually or collectively switch from one party group to the other. The phenomenon of EP party grouping is a well-known contributor to the volatility of the EP system and the fluidity that characterizes the composition of European parliamentary groups. On average MEPs switch during legislative terms. The group is one of the most influential countries in the legislature during the 1990s, up to a maximum of 18% for the 1989-1994 term, with strong prevalence among representatives of France and Italy, . There is a clear tendency of party group switches from the ideological extremes, both left and right, towards the center. [20]
References
- Jump up^ „EUobserver“ . EUobserver. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010-06-17 .
- Jump up^ „EU Politics News and Policy“ . TheParliament.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010-06-17 .
- Jump up^ IIIS (Email). „Institute for International Integration Studies (IIIS): Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland“ . Tcd.ie . Retrieved 2010-06-17 .
- Jump up^ http://www.zew.de/en/
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j „After Enlargement: Voting Patterns in the Sixth European Parliament“, by Simon Hix and Abdul Noury, LSE / ULB, 3 January 2008 original face Estimated from „Figure 3. Spatial Map of EP6 „
- Jump up^ [1] [ dead link ]
- Jump up^ Leader of the UKIP accused of selling out, The Sunday Times, May 27, 2007 ArchivedMay 17, 2008, at theWayback Machine.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q „After Enlargement: Voting Patterns in the Sixth European Parliament“, by Simon Hix and Abdul Noury, LSE / ULB, 21 August 2008 Archived April 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . original figure taken from „Table 3. Party Competition and Coalition Patterns“
- Jump up^ [2] ArchivedApril 24, 2009, at theWayback Machine.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d „Party Groups and Policy Positions in the European Parliament“ by Gail McElroy and Kenneth Benoit, Trinity College, Dublin, 10 March 2005, “ original face taken from“ Table 2. Policy Positions of European Party Groups „, figure converted from 0 to 20 scale to 0% to 100% scale
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g „Party Groups and Policy Positions in the European Parliament“ by Gail McElroy and Kenneth Benoit, Trinity College, Dublin, 10 March 2005 original figure taken from „Table 2. Policy Positions of European Party Groups „, figure converted from 0 to 20 to 0% to 100% scale and subtracted from 100% to have scale start at“ extremely against „
- Jump up^ „SSRN-Party Groups and Policy Positions in the European Parliament by Gail McElroy, Kenneth Benoit“ (PDF) . Papers.ssrn.com. 2005-03-10. Retrieved 2016-07-17 .
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Discussion Paper No.08-027 „Who was the EU tax and why?“ – Friedrich Heinemann, Philipp Mohl and Steffen Osterloh, ZEW Mannheim, April 2008 original figure taken from „Table 1: General EU tax preference (Q1) – comparisons of means“, figure converted from -4 to +4 scale to 0% to 100% scale
- Jump up^ „DP 08-027“ (PDF) . Retrieved 2010-06-17 .
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j „Why Do MEPs Defect? An Analysis of the Party Group Cohesion in the 5th European Parliament“ by Thorsten Faas, 12 March 2002 original figure estimated from “ Figure 1: Cohesion in the EP by Party Groups „
- Jump up^ „Archived copy“ (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-24 . Retrieved 2008-11-22 .
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h „Social Europe: the journal of the european left“, issue 4, March 2006 Archived 2009-04-24 at the Wayback Machine . original figure taken from chapter „Women and Social Democratic Politics“ by Wendy Stokes, Senior Lecturer in Politics, London Metropolitan University
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1552/2007/079/LTU-DUPP-07079-SE.pdf
- Jump up^ „Publications from Luleå University of Technology“ . Epubl.ltu.se . Retrieved 2010-06-17 .
- Jump up^ Evans AM and Mr. Vink (2012). Measuring Group Switching in the European Parliament: Methodology, Data and Trends (1979-2009). Análise Social, XLVII (202), 92-112. See also mcelroy, G. (2008), „Intra-Party politics at the trans-national level: Party switching in the European Parliament“. In D. Giannetti and K. Benoit (eds.), Intra-Party Politics and Coalition Governments in Parliamentary Democracies, London, Routledge, pp. 205-226.